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A Guide to Inventions and Discoveries:
From Adrenaline to the Zipper See also Famous Firsts in Aviation, Nobel Prizes. - Adrenaline:
- (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.
- Aerosol can:
- Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.
- Air brake:
- George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.
- Air conditioning:
- Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.
- Airship:
- (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.
- Aluminum manufacture:
- (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.
- Anatomy, human:
- (De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.
- Anesthetic:
- (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.
- Antibiotics:
- (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928; (penicillin's infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.
- Antiseptic:
- (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.
- Antitoxin, diphtheria:
- Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.
- Appliances, electric:
- (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.
- Aqualung:
- Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.
- Aspirin:
- Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.
- Astronomical calculator:
- The Antikythera device, Greece, first century B.C.. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.
- Atom:
- (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.
- Atomic structure:
- (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.
- Atomic theory:
- (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.
- Automobile:
- (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.
- Autopilot:
- (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.
- Avogadro's law:
- (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.
- Bacteria:
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
- Balloon, hot-air:
- Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.
- Barbed wire:
- (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.
- Bar codes (computer-scanned binary signal code):
- (retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.
- Barometer:
- Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.
- Bicycle:
- Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.
- Big Bang theory:
- (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.
- Blood, circulation of:
- William Harvey, England, 1628.
- Boyle's law:
- (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.
- Braille:
- Louis Braille, France, 1829.
- Bridges:
- (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.
- Bullet:
- (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.
- Calculating machine:
- (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.
- Calculus:
- Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.
- Camera:
- (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.
- “Canals” of Mars:
- Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.
- Carpet sweeper:
- Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.
- Car radio:
- William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”
- Cells:
- (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.
- Cement, Portland:
- Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.
- Chewing gum:
- (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.
- Cholera bacterium:
- Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.
- Circuit, integrated:
- (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.
- Classification of plants:
- (first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.
- Clock, pendulum:
- Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.
- Coca-Cola:
- John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.
- Combustion:
- (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.
- Compact disk:
- RCA, U.S., 1972.
- Computers:
- (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S., 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S., 1976.
- Concrete:
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